Invisible East
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Primary Language
Arabic (Arabic script)
Bactrian (Greek-based script)
Chinese (Chinese script)
Judeo-Persian (Hebrew script)
Khotanese (Brahmi script)
Middle Persian (Ancient Pahlavi script)
Middle Persian (Pahlavi script)
New Persian (Arabic script)
Sanskrit (Brahmi script)
Sogdian (Sogdian script)
Tibetan (Tibetan script)
Turkish (Arabic script)
Uighur (Uighur script)
Uighur (Arabic script)
Additional Languages
Arabic (Arabic script)
Bactrian (Greek-based script)
Chinese (Chinese script)
Judeo-Persian (Hebrew script)
Khotanese (Brahmi script)
Middle Persian (Ancient Pahlavi script)
Middle Persian (Pahlavi script)
New Persian (Arabic script)
Sanskrit (Brahmi script)
Sogdian (Sogdian script)
Tibetan (Tibetan script)
Turkish (Arabic script)
Uighur (Uighur script)
Uighur (Arabic script)
Collection
Afghanistan National Archives
Afrasiab Museum
Aman ur Rahman Collection
Bancroft Library, Berkeley
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
British Library
California Museum of Ancient Art, Los Angeles
Collection of Isao Kurita
Institut für Iranistik of the Freie Universität Berlin
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Khalili Collection
Lost. A picture in the State Archive of Tajikistan
Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm
Museum of Renmin University of China
National Library of China
National Library of Israel
Private Collection
Private Collection, Tehran
Private Collection, Virginia
Sam Fogg Rare Books
Schøyen Collection
Unknown, Tabaristan
Xinjiang Museum
Corpus
Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan
Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan
Bamiyan Papers
Documents from Qarakhanid Samarqand
Firuzkuh Papers
Khotanese Documents from Dandan-Uiliq
Khotanese Documents from Domoko
Khotanese Documents from Dunhuang
Middle Persian Documents from Qom
Middle Persian Documents from Tabaristan
Sogdian Documents from Dunhuang
Sogdian Documents from Khotan
Sogdian Documents from Mazar Tagh
Sogdian Documents from Mount Mug
Sogdian Documents from Turfan
The Yārkand Documents
Type of Text
Administrative (Document)
Legal (Document)
Letter (Document)
List or table (Document)
Literary text (Literature)
Paraliterary (Literature)
Document Subtype
Administrative: Grains disbursed from the granary
Administrative: Informational note to the field
Administrative: Internal correspondence
Administrative: Inventory of grain warehouses
Administrative: List
Administrative: Missives for action
Administrative: Missives to the field
Administrative: Order for grain processing
Administrative: Order of assembly
Administrative: Order of payment
Administrative: Order of seed transfer
Administrative: Order of summons
Administrative: Order to seize
Administrative: Order to suspend payment
Administrative: Petition
Administrative: Receipt
Administrative: Requests
Administrative: Tax credit note
Legal: Act of protection
Legal: Amicable Settlement
Legal: Debt
Legal: Divorce
Legal: Donation
Legal: Guarantee of liability
Legal: Inheritance
Legal: Jihad
Legal: Litigation
Legal: Loan
Legal: Marriage
Legal: Partnership
Legal: Penal rules
Legal: Personal Status
Legal: Power of attorney
Legal: Preemption
Legal: Rent-hire
Legal: Sale
Legal: Slavery and Manumission
Legal: Testimony
Legal: Transfer of money or goods
Legal: Worship acts
Letter: Apology
Letter: Commercial
Letter: Complaint
Letter: Condolence
Letter: Confidential
Letter: Confirmation of receipt of letter
Letter: Congratulation
Letter: Consultation
Letter: Convalescence
Letter: Displeasure
Letter: Gratitude
Letter: Invitation
Letter: Loan request
Letter: Longing
Letter: Support
Toponyms
ʿAjagak (Hajigak (modern))
Āhangarān
Amber (Sar-i Pul (modern))
Andar (Anwar)
Andarāba (Andarāb)
Angār
Anwar-gird (Andar-gird)
Arsaf
Asp-qūl
Azraw
Baghlān
Balkh
Bāmiyān (Bamyan)
Band-i Khāsh (Darra-yi Khāsh (?, modern))
Bandālīzh (Band-i Alīzh, Band-i Ilīzh) (Bandānlīzh, Bandālīch, Bandān Līch, Band-i ʿAlī (?, modern))
Barāslīzh
Bardīz
Bukhara (Bokhara)
Būtiyān (Botiyan (modern), Botyan (modern))
Chākarī (Chāgarī, Jākar, Jāgarī) (Chākarī (modern))
Chawqānī (Jawqānī)
Chemkān
Dāmam
Dar Ṭakh (Takht (?, modern))
Dāwar
Dupawi
Durustī
Farāmān (Warāman, Wazāmān)
Firūzān
Fīrūzkūh (Jām (modern))
Funduqistān (Fondukistan (modern))
Garokan
Gaz
Ghandamīn (Ghalmin (?, modern))
Ghandaq (Ghandak (modern))
Ghandar
Ghārmīkh (Ghārminj, Ghārmikh)
Ghūr Karūd (Ghūr Garūd)
Ghūrwand
Golg
Gozgan (Gōzgan, Guzgan, Juzjan, Jowzjan (modern))
Īsh (Līzh)
Istīw (Istīb)
Izīr
Jawlāh (Jūlāh, Chawlāh, Chūlāh)
K.šwā
Kadagstan
Kadūr
Kāfshān (Kāwshān, Kāf Shān) (Kafshān)
Kah (Kahmard (modern))
Kalf (Kelif, Keleft (modern))
Kāliyūn (Kālyūn)
Karmkār
Karūd
Kāshghar
Kasūf
Kawrīj (Kūrīj)
Khāy
Khīsh (Khesh (Bactrian))
Khustgān
Kiriyān (Kadyān, Karyān)
Lāmtak
Lizg (Lizag)
Madr
Mahon
Miyān Shahr
Murghāb
Nala
Nāy (Nay Qalʿa (?, modern))
Nayak (Himak, Nimak)
Nīlinj (Nilinj (modern))
Posgām (Būskām)
Pūza-yi ʿUlyā (Pūza-yi Līch-i ʿUlyā (?, modern))
Rabanjī
Rabul
Ramin
Rāq (Kūh-i Rāq)
Rīw (Zīr) (Riwah (?, modern))
Rizm
Rob (Rui (modern))
رسحر مں (؟)
Rubāṭ (Āq Rabāṭ (?, modern))
Rubāṭ-i Miyān Shahr
Rubāṭiyān (Ribāṭ Shār)
Sabz Bahār
Safī (Saqī)
Sagnūl
Sakūn
Samangān (Samingan, Siminjan)
Samarqand
Sandaran
Sanga
Sānī (Shānī)
Sar-i Āsiyā
Sar-i Khīsh (Qūl-i Khīsh (?, modern))
Sarī Gudhar
Shahr-e Khuru
Shangaryān (Shingiryān)
Shāristay (Sharestay (modern))
Shāshiyān
Shawāniq
Shawār
Shibārghū (Sibārghū)
Sinīn
Sınmas (Altınqı-Sınmas)
Skānj
Sozargan
Sparf (Isparf (modern))
Sū (Shū, Safī, Saqī)
Suf (Suq) (Tagaw-e Suf (modern))
Surkh Dar
Sūya (Shūya, Sūba) (Kūtal-i Ṣūba)
Tag Āb-i Kurgī (Tag Āb-i Kurgīn) (Kurgin (?, modern))
Tālīzh
Ṭāq (Tāgh, Ṭāq-i Murghāb, Tagaw-e Taq (modern))
Tarmid (Termez (modern))
Toponym (Alternative Readings (one place, different readings)) (Other Attested Forms (one place, different writings))
Tufandih (Tukhundī (?, modern))
Wak
Warmiyās
Warzīkh
Wāshān (Wānshān)
Wīlīzh (Waylīzh)
Yārkand (Yārkanda) (Yārqand)
Yaskarāgh
Yaskin
Yunavo (?)
Zēr-i Rahbān
Zīr Damān (Zīr-i Damān)
Zuwer
Gregorian Date (from)
4th Century CE
5th Century CE
6th Century CE
7th Century CE
8th Century CE
9th Century CE
10th Century CE
11th Century CE
12th Century CE
13th Century CE
14th Century CE
15th Century CE
16th Century CE
17th Century CE
18th Century CE
19th Century CE
20th Century CE
21st Century CE
Gregorian Date (to)
4th Century CE
5th Century CE
6th Century CE
7th Century CE
8th Century CE
9th Century CE
10th Century CE
11th Century CE
12th Century CE
13th Century CE
14th Century CE
15th Century CE
16th Century CE
17th Century CE
18th Century CE
19th Century CE
20th Century CE
21st Century CE
Writing Support
birchbark
clay (bullae)
leather
leather
linen
ostraca
paper
parchment
seals
stone (graves)
willow stick
wood
Writing Support Details
Fading/discolouration
fold lines
fraying/crumpling
holes
lacunae
pasted into Mirza Khwaja Muhammad’s notebook
staining
tears
Tags
Administrative, Military and Legal Titles, Offices and Processes
Abandoned property
Amīn
Amīr
Anbār (granary)
Barzigar (farmer)
bism
Bismillāh (including abbrev)
Bāqī (remainder)
darak (claim)
Dhimmat (obligation, charge)
Dihqān
Dīwān
Faqīh
Gharāmat (fine, debt)
Guwāhī
imām
In a state of sound body and mind
infāq
Iqrār opener
Iʿtimād nimūdan [bar-īn nishān] (trust the seal)
Jawāz (person with legal agency)
kalima
khalifa
Khaylbāsh
khwāja
khāghān
madrasa
majlis
Mihtar
Muhlat (extension granted)
Muhāṣṣil-i ghalla
Muwakkil
Muʿāmala
Muḥtasib
Mīr
namak bast
Naqīb
Nāyib
Of their own volition and without coercion
Pious invocations
Qāḍī
Raʾīs
Sarhang
shaykh
Shiḥna/shiḥnagī
Sipahsālār
Tafārīqāt
Tafṣīl (itemisation)
Tax collection (bīrun kardan)
Taxes: Jizya
Taxes: Kharāj
Taxes: ʿUshr
Taḥakumāna (ghalla-yi)
Wajh/wujūh (in account/payment of)
waqf
Wām (-I lāzim) (loan)
ʿAwāriḍ (public expenses)
ʿUḍr/ghiflat (excuse or delay)
Ḥaq/Ḥuqūq (obligation, policy, assessed payment)
ḥākim
Ḥīmāyat (protection)
ṣadaqa
ṣultān
Agricultural Terms
arḍ mubdhara
arḍ/araḍī
ashjār al-muthmara / ashjār ghayr al-muthmara
bayr
Donkeys
Gandum (wheat)
Ghalla (grain)
Harvest collecting (bardāshtan, rafʿ kardan)
hay
Hoe/sickle
Jaw (barley)
kuram (vineyard)
Kāh (straw)
kāhdān
masīl māʾ
nahr/anhār
Oil
Oxen
Plough/plough-share/covers
Seeds
Sheep
Shovel
sāqya araḍī (irrigation canal)
ʿĀsiya (mill)
ḥamy (orchard)
Currencies and Denominations
Dilīwār-I sultānī
Diramsang
Dirham
Dāng/dāniq/danānīq (one-sixth)
Dīnār
naqd
Shiyānī
Sīm (-i nīk, -i rasmī)
Zar
ʿAdlī
Documentation Terms
Barāt
Chak
Mithāl
Nishān
Nuskhat
Nāma
Qabāla
Risāla
Ruqʿa
Ḥisāb/ḥisab
Ḥujjat
Geographic Administrative Units
Badiya
balad
bayt
bāzār
bīmārēstān
Darra
dāng
Dīh
garmābeh
iṣṭabl
kūra
maḥalla
Qariya
Qaṣaba
Ribāṭ
Sarāy
Shahr
sūq
Wilāyat
Zamīn
ḥad/ḥudūd
ꜥimara
Markings
Column format
Jaʾiza (cipher)
Oblique stroke (check mark)
Siyāq (accountants’ abbreviations of numbers)
Taṣnīf (half-amount stroke above written out number)
Measurement Units
Juft
Kharwār
Mann
Māl
Paymāna
Pāra
Qafīz/Qawīz
Sitīr
Tasū
Tīr
Ṭās
Religions
Church
Fatwa/istiftāʿ
God(s)
Mosque
Rituals
Temple
8 results found
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Page 1 of 1
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-13
Letter to framāndār Awat from ‘his slave əSpādhak’.
IEDC ID
963
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-11
Letter to framāndār Awat from ‘his slave əSpādhak’.
IEDC ID
964
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-15
Letter to framāndār Awat from ‘his slave əSpādhak’.
IEDC ID
965
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-19
Perhaps a letter to framāndār Awat from ‘his slave əSpādhak’
IEDC ID
966
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-18
Letter to framāndār Awat from əKhufarn, the arspan of əZrāwadh.
IEDC ID
967
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-7
Letter to Wishtām, the sovereign of Kshtut from the sovereign of Martushkat.
IEDC ID
977
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-16
Letter to the sovereign of the settlement of Krūt from his nephew.
IEDC ID
978
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration
Sogdian: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Б-17
Letter fragment. The names of the sender and addressee have not survived.
IEDC ID
979
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
0
IEDC Input Date
10 Jan 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration